Seizures and Epilepsy: Recognising and Providing First Aid for Seizures Seizures, also known as fits, are sudden bursts of electrical activity in the brain that disrupt normal functioning. They can vary in intensity and duration, with some seizures being mild and others life-threatening. Epilepsy is a neurological condition that makes a person prone to recurrent seizures. Knowing how to respond to someone having a seizure can prevent injury and potentially save their life. What is a Seizure? A seizure occurs when there is abnormal electrical activity in the brain. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, from brief lapses …

Diabetic Emergencies: Recognising and Responding to Hypoglycaemia and Hyperglycaemia Diabetes is a condition that affects the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels. While many people with diabetes manage their condition with medication, diet, and lifestyle, diabetic emergencies can still occur. These diabetic emergencies happen when blood sugar levels become dangerously low (hypoglycaemia) or too high (hyperglycaemia). Knowing how to recognise and respond to these emergencies is crucial to prevent serious complications. What is Hypoglycaemia (Low Blood Sugar)? Hypoglycaemia occurs when blood sugar levels drop below normal. This is often due to taking too much insulin or other diabetes …

Heart Attack and Angina: Recognising Symptoms and Providing First Aid Heart attack and angina are both serious heart conditions that require immediate attention. While angina is usually a warning sign of heart disease, a heart attack is a medical emergency that can be life-threatening. Understanding the symptoms of each and knowing how to provide first aid can help save a life. What is a Heart Attack? A heart attack, or myocardial infarction, occurs when the blood supply to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, usually by a blood clot. This prevents oxygen from reaching the heart muscle, which can …

Severe Allergic Reactions (Anaphylaxis): Recognising and Responding to Anaphylactic Shock Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur suddenly after exposure to an allergen, such as certain foods, insect stings, or medications. Anaphylactic shock can cause the body’s immune system to overreact, leading to difficulty breathing, swelling, and a dangerous drop in blood pressure. Immediate first aid is critical in preventing serious complications or death. What is Anaphylaxis? Anaphylaxis is the body’s extreme response to an allergen, where the immune system releases a flood of chemicals that can cause shock. It often happens within minutes of exposure to …

Asthma Attacks: Recognising the Symptoms and Providing First Aid Asthma attacks can be frightening and life-threatening if not managed quickly. An asthma attack occurs when the muscles around the airways tighten, causing them to narrow and making it difficult to breathe. Understanding the signs of an asthma attack and knowing how to provide the right first aid can help prevent a serious medical emergency. What is Asthma? Asthma is a long-term lung condition that causes the airways to become inflamed and sensitive. When triggered by irritants, allergens, or other factors, the airways can narrow, leading to difficulty breathing. While asthma …

Shock: How to Recognise and Provide First Aid for Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow, resulting in insufficient oxygen reaching the tissues and organs. Shock can develop after a severe injury, blood loss, allergic reactions, or other medical emergencies. Recognising the signs of shock and responding quickly with first aid can save a life. What is Shock? Shock occurs when the body’s circulatory system fails to deliver adequate blood and oxygen to the organs. This can happen for several reasons, such as heavy bleeding, heart problems, infections, or severe …

Head Injuries: How to Recognise and Respond to Head Trauma Head injuries are a common occurrence and can range from minor bumps and bruises to serious trauma that affects the brain. It is important to treat all head injuries with caution, as symptoms may not always be immediately obvious. Proper first aid can prevent further damage and ensure the casualty receives the appropriate medical care. Types of Head Injuries Minor Head Injuries: These usually involve bumps, bruises, or cuts on the scalp and are not life-threatening. Concussion: A mild traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head that …

Sprains and Strains: How to Recognise and Treat Soft Tissue Injuries Sprains and strains are common injuries that affect the muscles, ligaments, and tendons. While they are not usually life-threatening, they can be very painful and may limit movement. Proper first aid for these injuries can help alleviate pain, reduce swelling, and promote faster healing. What is a Sprain? A sprain occurs when the ligaments – the tough bands of tissue that connect bones at a joint – are stretched or torn. Sprains most often happen in the ankles, knees, wrists, or thumbs due to sudden twists, falls, or impacts. …

Fractures and Dislocations: How to Recognise and Provide First Aid Fractures and dislocations are injuries that involve the bones and joints, which can be extremely painful and require immediate attention. A fracture refers to a broken bone, while a dislocation occurs when the bones at a joint are forced out of their normal position. Knowing how to provide first aid in these situations can prevent further damage and alleviate pain until professional medical help is available. What is a Fracture?   A fracture is a break, crack, or shattering of a bone. Fractures can vary in severity, from small hairline …

Bleeding and Wound Management: How to Treat Bleeding Injuries Bleeding injuries, whether minor or severe, can happen unexpectedly and require prompt action to prevent complications. Knowing how to manage bleeding effectively can stop a situation from becoming life-threatening, as well as prevent infections and promote healing. This guide covers how to deal with different types of bleeding, from minor cuts to major injuries. Types of Bleeding Minor Bleeding: Typically involves small cuts, grazes, or scrapes where the blood flow is slow and usually stops on its own. Severe Bleeding: Occurs when blood is flowing rapidly from a wound. This may …