Hypothermia and Frostbite: Recognising and Responding to Cold-Related Emergencies Hypothermia and frostbite are serious conditions that occur when the body is exposed to extreme cold. They can develop quickly and lead to life-threatening complications if not treated immediately. Knowing how to recognise the signs and provide first aid for cold-related emergencies can prevent permanent damage or death. What is Hypothermia? Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, causing the core body temperature to drop below 35°C (95°F). Prolonged exposure to cold weather, immersion in cold water, or wearing inadequate clothing in cold conditions can …

Heat Exhaustion and Heatstroke: Recognising and Responding to Heat-Related Illnesses Heat exhaustion and heatstroke are serious conditions that occur when the body becomes overheated. These conditions can develop quickly, especially in hot, humid environments or during strenuous physical activity. Left untreated, heat exhaustion can progress to heatstroke, a life-threatening emergency. Knowing the signs and how to respond can prevent severe complications or death. What is Heat Exhaustion? Heat exhaustion occurs when the body loses too much water and salt through sweating, making it difficult to regulate internal temperature. It can happen after prolonged exposure to high temperatures, especially when combined …

Seizures and Epilepsy: Recognising and Providing First Aid for Seizures Seizures, also known as fits, are sudden bursts of electrical activity in the brain that disrupt normal functioning. They can vary in intensity and duration, with some seizures being mild and others life-threatening. Epilepsy is a neurological condition that makes a person prone to recurrent seizures. Knowing how to respond to someone having a seizure can prevent injury and potentially save their life. What is a Seizure? A seizure occurs when there is abnormal electrical activity in the brain. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, from brief lapses …

Diabetic Emergencies: Recognising and Responding to Hypoglycaemia and Hyperglycaemia Diabetes is a condition that affects the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels. While many people with diabetes manage their condition with medication, diet, and lifestyle, diabetic emergencies can still occur. These emergencies happen when blood sugar levels become dangerously low (hypoglycaemia) or too high (hyperglycaemia). Knowing how to recognise and respond to these emergencies is crucial to prevent serious complications. What is Hypoglycaemia (Low Blood Sugar)? Hypoglycaemia occurs when blood sugar levels drop below normal. This is often due to taking too much insulin or other diabetes medication, …

Stroke: Recognising and Responding to a Medical Emergency Using the F.A.S.T. Protocol A stroke is a serious, life-threatening medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is disrupted. Strokes can lead to long-term disability or even death if not treated promptly. Recognising the signs of a stroke and acting quickly using the F.A.S.T. protocol can significantly increase the chances of survival and recovery. What is a Stroke? A stroke occurs when the blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Without oxygen, brain cells begin …

Heart Attack and Angina: Recognising Symptoms and Providing First Aid Heart attacks and angina are both serious heart conditions that require immediate attention. While angina is usually a warning sign of heart disease, a heart attack is a medical emergency that can be life-threatening. Understanding the symptoms of each and knowing how to provide first aid can help save a life. What is a Heart Attack? A heart attack, or myocardial infarction, occurs when the blood supply to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, usually by a blood clot. This prevents oxygen from reaching the heart muscle, which can …

Severe Allergic Reactions (Anaphylaxis): Recognising and Responding to Anaphylactic Shock Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur suddenly after exposure to an allergen, such as certain foods, insect stings, or medications. Anaphylactic shock can cause the body’s immune system to overreact, leading to difficulty breathing, swelling, and a dangerous drop in blood pressure. Immediate first aid is critical in preventing serious complications or death. What is Anaphylaxis? Anaphylaxis is the body’s extreme response to an allergen, where the immune system releases a flood of chemicals that can cause shock. It often happens within minutes of exposure to …

Asthma Attacks: Recognising the Symptoms and Providing First Aid Asthma attacks can be frightening and life-threatening if not managed quickly. An asthma attack occurs when the muscles around the airways tighten, causing them to narrow and making it difficult to breathe. Understanding the signs of an asthma attack and knowing how to provide the right first aid can help prevent a serious medical emergency. What is Asthma? Asthma is a long-term lung condition that causes the airways to become inflamed and sensitive. When triggered by irritants, allergens, or other factors, the airways can narrow, leading to difficulty breathing. While asthma …

Shock: How to Recognise and Provide First Aid for Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow, resulting in insufficient oxygen reaching the tissues and organs. Shock can develop after a severe injury, blood loss, allergic reactions, or other medical emergencies. Recognising the signs of shock and responding quickly with first aid can save a life. What is Shock? Shock occurs when the body’s circulatory system fails to deliver adequate blood and oxygen to the organs. This can happen for several reasons, such as heavy bleeding, heart problems, infections, or severe …

Head Injuries: How to Recognise and Respond to Head Trauma Head injuries are a common occurrence and can range from minor bumps and bruises to serious trauma that affects the brain. It is important to treat all head injuries with caution, as symptoms may not always be immediately obvious. Proper first aid can prevent further damage and ensure the casualty receives the appropriate medical care. Types of Head Injuries Minor Head Injuries: These usually involve bumps, bruises, or cuts on the scalp and are not life-threatening. Concussion: A mild traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head that …

Sprains and Strains: How to Recognise and Treat Soft Tissue Injuries Sprains and strains are common injuries that affect the muscles, ligaments, and tendons. While they are not usually life-threatening, they can be very painful and may limit movement. Proper first aid for these injuries can help alleviate pain, reduce swelling, and promote faster healing. What is a Sprain? A sprain occurs when the ligaments – the tough bands of tissue that connect bones at a joint – are stretched or torn. Sprains most often happen in the ankles, knees, wrists, or thumbs due to sudden twists, falls, or impacts. …